Guide for Candidates
September 2022
Table of Contents
- A. PROCESS FOR AN APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT
- Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada and Executive Director, Judicial Appointments
- Expression of Interest and Eligibility
- Provincial and Territorial Court Judges
- Judicial Advisory Committees
- Judicial Advisory Committee for the Tax Court of Canada
- Assessments and Confidentiality
- Duration of Assessments
- Appointments
- B. CONSIDERATIONS WHICH APPLY TO AN APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT
- Tenure
- Remuneration
- Allowances and Benefits
- Professional Development
- Ethical, Change of Lifestyle and Other Considerations
A. PROCESS FOR AN APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT
1. COMMISSIONER FOR FEDERAL JUDICIAL AFFAIRS AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS
The Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs has the overall responsibility for the administration of the judicial appointments process on behalf of the Government. The Commissioner is expected to carry out his or her responsibilities in such a way as to ensure that the system treats all candidates for judicial office fairly and equally. The Commissioner’s responsibility is exercised directly or by his or her delegate, the Executive Director, Judicial Appointments.
It is the Commissioner’s or the Executive Director, Judicial Appointments’ particular responsibility, on behalf of the Government, to ensure that all assessments are completed expeditiously and thoroughly.
The federal judicial appointments process has been in place since 1988. It continues to be revised on the basis of ongoing operational experience. The Guide for Candidates describes the process with revisions to date and is intended for those interested in submitting their candidacies for appointment, or in nominating others as candidates.
This Guide applies to the appointment of judges of the superior courts of every province and territory, the courts of appeal, the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court and the Tax Court of Canada.
IMPORTANT:
- The application process and required documentation were recently updated in September 2022.
- All candidates seeking a federal judicial appointment MUST submit their application using the September 2022 Questionnaire, Authorization Form, and Background Check Consent Form pursuant to the new application process.
- The requirement to submit a new application using the September 2022 Questionnaire, Authorization Form and Background Check Consent Form applies REGARDLESS of whether a lawyer, or provincial or territorial court judge has previously applied.
- Please DO NOT provide letters of reference or a separate curriculum vitae.
For your convenience, the Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada has made available on its website, the necessary forms to assist you in submitting your candidacy. Before completing and returning these forms, you should familiarize yourself with all the sections in this Guide, as described in the Process for an Application for Appointment and Considerations which Apply to an Application for Appointment .
NOTE: Application Packages will be reviewed by the Judicial Advisory Committees in order of receipt. It is the responsibility of the candidate to ensure that his or her Application Package is complete and that all materials have been successfully delivered to the OCFJA. Incomplete Application Packages may not be considered by the Judicial Advisory Committees.
In order to respond to the urgent needs of a court and to ensure the proper administration of justice, the order in which applications are assessed may be changed in exceptional circumstances.
Any inquiries for additional information should be addressed to:
Philippe Lacasse
Executive Director, Judicial Appointments
Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada
99 Metcalfe Street, 8th floor
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1E3.
Tel. (613) 992-9400
1-877-583-4266 (toll free)
Fax (613) 941-0607
2. EXPRESSION OF INTEREST AND ELIGIBILITY
Qualified lawyers and persons holding provincial or territorial judicial office who wish to be considered for appointment as a judge of a superior court in a province or territory or of the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court or Tax Court of Canada must apply to the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs.
Persons interested in applying for Federal Judicial Appointment must complete the following:
- Questionnaire - which provides the basic data for the subsequent assessment of, or comment on the candidate by the appropriate Judicial Advisory Committee (JAC). Candidates should ensure that this form is completed in full and in accordance with the instructions provided. All information received is treated confidentially.
- Authorization Form - which allows the Executive Director to obtain a statement of applicants’ current and past standing with the law societies in which they hold or have held membership.
- Background Check Consent Form - Background checks will be conducted only if the Minister of Justice intends to nominate you for appointment to judicial office following your assessment and recommendation by the JAC. A background check is required prior to any appointment to a public office.
Nine (9) copies of the completed forms should be sent to:
Executive Director, Judicial Appointments
Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs
99 Metcalfe Street, 8th Floor
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 1E3
Telephone: (613) 992-9400
Toll free: 1-877-583-4266
Fax: (613) 941-0607
In addition to candidates themselves, members of the legal community and all other interested persons and organizations are invited to identify persons they consider qualified for judicial office. This can be done by writing to the address above to the attention of the Executive Director, Judicial Appointments. Nominees will be contacted by the Commissioner to ascertain whether they wish to be considered for a judicial appointment. If so, they will be invited to submit an application package including the Questionnaire and all necessary supporting documents.
The statutory qualifications for appointment are set out in the Judges Act, the Federal Courts Act and Tax Court of Canada Act. Generally, they require ten (10) years at the bar of a province or territory, or a combination of ten (10) years at the bar and in the subsequent exercise of powers and duties of a judicial nature on a full time basis in a position held pursuant to a law of Canada or of a province or territory. Appointments to a provincial superior court are made only from members of the bar of that province, as required by the Constitution Act, 1867. Appointments to the superior courts of the three territories are open to all persons who meet the qualifications for appointment within their own province or territory.
Upon determining that a candidate meets the threshold constitutional and statutory criteria for a federal judicial appointment, the Executive Director, Judicial Appointments will forward the candidate's file to the appropriate committee for assessment. This file also includes the law society report concerning the candidate’s current or past standing.
3. PROVINCIAL AND TERRITORIAL COURT JUDGES
Provincial or territorial court judges who wish to be candidates must also apply by completing the Questionnaire. There is no distinct Questionnaire for provincial or territorial court judges. These candidates will be assessed by the advisory committees, and will be categorized as "highly recommended", "recommended" or "unable to recommend". The categorization and assessment report are confidential and provided to the Minister and/or his or her delegate only.
Provincial and territorial court judges are notified of the date they were assessed by the committee, and assessments are valid for a period of three (3) years from that date. During that time, "highly recommended" and "recommended" candidates will remain on the list for judicial appointment by the Government.
If a provincial or territorial court judge continues to be interested in being considered for appointment after the above three (3) year expiry date, a new Questionnaire must be submitted during the three (3) months preceding the expiry date. In that case, a new assessment is undertaken, and the "highly recommended" and "recommended" provincial or territorial court judges remain on the list of those available for appointment until the new assessment is completed. A new Questionnaire can also be submitted after the above expiry date, but in that case a previous positive assessment will cease to be valid as of the expiry date.
4. JUDICIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES
Committee members are appointed by the Government to serve a three-year term, with the possibility of renewal.
Independent Judicial Advisory Committees constitute the heart of the appointments process. It is the Committees who have the responsibility of assessing the qualifications for appointment of the lawyers, and provincial and territorial judges who apply. There is at least one Committee in each province and territory. Due to their larger populations, Ontario has three regionally based Committees and Quebec has two. Candidates are assessed by the regional Committee established for the judicial district of their practice or occupation, or by the committee judged most appropriate by the Commissioner.
Each Committee consists of seven members representing the bench, the bar, and the general public:
- 1 nominee of the provincial or territorial law society;
- 1 nominee of the provincial or territorial branch of the Canadian Bar Association;
- 1 judge nominated by the Chief Justice of the province or by the senior judge of the territory;
- 1 nominee of the provincial Attorney General or territorial Minister of Justice; and
- 3 nominees of the Government representing the ‘general public’;
- 1 ex officio non-voting member: Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs or Executive Director, Judicial Appointments.
Each nominating body is asked by the federal Minister of Justice to submit a list of three names from which an appointment can be made to the relevant committee.
Any member of the public, regardless of legal training, may apply to be appointed as the federal Minister of Justice’s “general public representative” on a committee. If you are or know of someone who would be interested in applying, please fill out the Judicial Advisory Committee General Public Representative Application Form and submit it online to the address below:
The Government, with the assistance of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, then selects persons to serve, with a view to achieving a gender-balanced Committee that also reflects the diversity of members of each jurisdiction, including Indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities and members of linguistic, ethnic and other minority communities, including those whose members’ gender identity or sexual orientation differs from that of the majority. Committee members are appointed by the Government to serve three (3) year terms, with the possibility of renewal.
The Minister of Justice meets periodically with the Chairs of all the committees for an exchange of views concerning the operation of the process.
Administrative support for the work of the committees, including information sessions and guidelines concerning confidentiality, diversity and training as to unconscious bias and other committee procedures, is provided by the Judicial Appointments Secretariat of the Office of the Commissioner.
All committee proceedings and consultations take place on a confidential basis.
5. JUDICIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR THE TAX COURT OF CANADA
This Committee is composed of five (5) members: one judicial nominee designated by the Chief Justice of the Tax Court of Canada and four (4) nominees of the Government appointed to achieve the same diversity goals as set out above for the other Judicial Advisory Committees. There shall be at least one member from each of the following regions: Atlantic Canada, Quebec, Ontario and Western Canada.
Please note that an application for the Tax Court of Canada that includes an application for another court or courts will be sent to the Judicial Advisory Committee for the Tax Court, as well as to the relevant Judicial Advisory Committee for any other jurisdiction.
6. ASSESSMENTS AND CONFIDENTIALITY
Extensive consultations in both the legal and non legal community are undertaken by the committee in respect of each applicant.
Professional competence and overall merit are the primary qualifications for judicial appointment. In this respect, Committee members are provided with Assessment Criteria – see Appendix A of Guidelines for Judicial Advisory Committee Members - for evaluating fitness for the bench. These relate to professional competence and experience, personal characteristics, and potential impediments to appointment.
Jointly with this assessment of professional competence and overall merit, Committees must strive to create a pool of candidates that is gender-balanced and reflective of the diversity of each jurisdiction, including Indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, and members of linguistic, ethnic and other minority communities, including those whose members’ gender identity or sexual orientation differs from that of the majority. In doing so, Committees should give due consideration to all legal experience, including that outside of mainstream legal practice. Broad consultations by the committees, and community involvement through these consultations, are essential elements of the process.
The committees are asked to assess all candidates on the basis of three categories - "highly recommended", “recommended", or "unable to recommend" for appointment. These categories reflect the advisory nature of the committee process. Once the assessment has been completed, candidates are notified of the date they were assessed by the Committee but are not provided with the results of the assessment. The results are kept confidential and solely for the Minister’s use.
The Committees set their own agenda as required, depending on the number of applications received and the judicial vacancies to be filled by the Government. When completing and submitting their application, candidates should consider that definite Committee meeting dates are not always set in advance and it may take from one to three months to process an application before sending it to the Committee for assessment.
Following receipt of the Committee’s assessment, the Minister may at his or her discretion seek further information from the Committee on any candidate. On those occasions when a Committee’s advice may be contrary to the information received from other sources by the Minister, the Minister may ask the Committee for a reassessment of the candidate.
7. DURATION OF ASSESSMENTS
Candidates are notified of the date they were assessed, and assessments are valid for a period of three (3) years from that date. During that time, a “recommended” or “highly recommended” candidate remains on the list of those available for judicial appointment by the Government. If a candidate continues to be interested in being considered for appointment after the above three year expiry date, a new Questionnaire must be submitted during the three months preceding the expiry date. In that case, a new assessment is undertaken, and a prior "recommended" or "highly recommended" candidate remains on the list of those available for appointment until the new assessment is completed. A new Questionnaire can also be submitted after the above expiry date, but in that case a previous positive assessment will cease to be valid as of the expiry date.
Each candidate’s assessment must be certified by the Commissioner or the Executive Director, Judicial Appointments prior to its submission to the Minister of Justice.
The files of all candidates are maintained in a separate and confidential data bank in the Commissioner’s office, for the sole use of the Minister of Justice.
8. APPOINTMENTS
Federal judicial appointments are made by the Governor General acting on the advice of the federal Cabinet. A recommendation for appointment is made to Cabinet by the Minister of Justice with respect to the appointment of puisne judges, and by the Prime Minister with respect to the appointment of Chief Justices and Associate Chief Justices.
The recommendation to Cabinet is made from amongst the names which have been previously reported by the committees to the Minister.
Before recommending an appointment to Cabinet, the Minister may consult with members of the judiciary and the bar, with his or her appropriate provincial or territorial counterparts, as well as with members of the public. With respect to provincial and territorial court judges who apply for appointment to a superior court, the Minister may consult with that candidate’s current Chief Judge, colleagues on the bench, as well as with the Chief Justice of the court for which the candidate is being considered. The Minister also welcomes the advice of any group or individuals on the considerations which should be taken into account when filling current vacancies.
The title “Honourable” is conferred on the new judge upon appointment.
B. CONSIDERATIONS WHICH APPLY TO AN APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT
1. Tenure
Members of the judiciary hold office during good behaviour. An appointment is therefore permanent and terminates only upon attainment of the age for compulsory retirement, which for all federally appointed judges is currently 75, or upon the resignation or removal of the judge from office.
A judge is entitled to annual leave, the timing of which is arranged in consultation with the Chief Justice of his or her court. Should a judge be absent from his or her duties for more than six months, the approval of the Governor in Council is required.
A judge who has served 15 years in judicial office and whose combined age and number of years in office is not less than 80 has the right to retire with an annuity.
In recognition of the long service required of members of the judiciary, and as an option to retirement, the Judges Act permits federally appointed judges who have served 15 years in judicial office and whose combined age and number of years in office is not less than 80, or who have attained the age of 70 and continued in judicial office for at least 10 years, to elect supernumerary status. Judges who do so must hold themselves available to perform judicial duties assigned to them by the Chief Justice of the court of which they are members. Supernumerary judges are for all intents and purposes puisne judges of the court, and are entitled to the same salary, allowances and benefits as any other judge.
Judges hold office during good behaviour, and are removable from office only for cause. Complaints made against members of the judiciary are subject to investigation by the Canadian Judicial Council, a body comprised of all federally appointed Chief Justices, Associate Chief Justices of the provinces and Senior Judges of the Territories and presided over by the Chief Justice of Canada. The role and the functions of the Canadian Judicial Council are set out in Part II of the Judges Act.
A judge may be suspended from his or her judicial duties by the Chief Justice of the court pending completion of an inquiry by the Council into the conduct giving rise to a complaint. However, the salary of the judge is guaranteed by the constitution, and cannot be withheld.
Where the Council makes a finding of misconduct, it may make a recommendation to the Minister of Justice for removal from office. A judge may be removed only upon a joint address of the Senate and House of Commons to the Governor General.
2. Remuneration
Salaries
The Constitution Act, 1867 recognizes the principle of the independence of the judiciary by imposing on Parliament, and not on the executive, the duty to fix and provide the salaries, allowances and pensions of superior court judges. As a consequence, judicial salary levels for all federally appointed judges are prescribed in Part I of the Judges Act. Salaries are adjusted annually on the basis of the lesser of the percentage change in Statistics Canada's Industrial Aggregate Index or 7%.
The adequacy of judicial salaries, pensions and benefits is reviewed every 4 years by the independent Judicial Benefits and Compensation Commission appointed by the Governor in Council. The Commission is required to submit a report with its recommendations to the Minister of Justice which is also tabled in Parliament. The Minister must respond to the report within 6 months after receiving it.
Current judicial salary levels for federally appointed judges are shown below:
| Supreme Court of Canada | |
|---|---|
| Chief Justice | $510,100 |
| Justice | $472,400 |
| Federal Courts & Tax Court | |
| Chief Justice and Associate Chief Justice | $435,000 + $2,000 (additional allowance for Federal & Tax Court Judges only) |
| Justice | $396,700 + $2,000 (additional allowance for Federal & Tax Court Judges only) |
| Appeal, Superior, Supreme, King's Bench | |
| Chief Justice and Associate Chief Justice | $435,000 |
| Justice | $396,700 |
| Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut | |
| Chief Justice | $435,000 + $12,000 (Northern Allowance) |
| Justices resident in Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut | $396,700 + $12,000 (Northern Allowance) |
| Labrador | |
| Justice resident in Labrador | $396,700 + $12,000 (Northern Allowance) |
Restrictions on Employment and Earnings
Judges must devote themselves exclusively to their judicial duties, and may not engage, directly or indirectly, in any business or occupation, either for themselves or for others. Members of the judiciary may, however, serve as commissioners, arbitrators and mediators where authorized by federal or provincial law. Where they so act, they are not entitled to any additional remuneration, although they are entitled to reimbursement of travelling and other expenses reasonably incurred.
The Judges Act sets out the restrictions on employment and earnings in greater detail.
Taxation
The full amount of a judge's contribution to judicial annuities and supplementary benefits is deemed to be contributed to or under a registered pension fund or plan, pursuant to the Judges Act. The entire contribution is therefore deductible in calculating federal income tax.
There could be significant tax implications for a judge's first years in office, arising from the accumulation of income accruing upon the winding up of his or her professional practice and the receipt of his or her salary as a judge. For example, those who practice as sole practitioners or in partnership should consider the tax implications of having to report income on a calendar year rather than on a fiscal year basis; of disposing of an interest in a partnership; and of income received upon the sale of various assets of their practice, such as accounts receivable, work in progress, depreciable and non-depreciable property, and goodwill.
These, together with the Income Tax Act provisions relating to capital gains deductions and tax deferrals, are but some of the factors requiring careful consideration.
Reference should also be made to the Report on the Tax Treatment of Lawyers' Income on their Appointment to the Bench (PDF Version, 42 KB), prepared by the Canada Revenue Agency, which is intended to inform lawyers appointed to the Bench, or who cease to practice their profession as proprietor or member of a partnership, of the tax implications of these changes.
3. Allowances and Benefits
Allowances
The various allowances described hereafter extend only to actual and reasonable expenses incurred by a judge when performing his or her duties. Except for the removal and the representational allowances, these allowances are not intended to compensate for any additional cost related to such persons as a spouse or a child.
Removal Allowance
Pursuant to the Judges Act, a removal allowance is paid to a person who is appointed a judge and is required to change his or her place of residence to assume judicial functions, and to a judge who is required to change his or her place of residence upon transfer or reassignment.
The major costs which may be reimbursed out of the removal allowance include:
- Travelling expenses of the judge and the members of his or her family incurred during the course of looking for a new residence and of moving thereto;
- Transportation and storage of household effects;
- Costs relating to the sale of the former residence;
- The cost of cancelling any lease on the former residence;
- Certain interest charges on the mortgage for the new residence when these are higher than the interest charges on the mortgage for the former residence;
- Under prescribed circumstances and for a reasonable period of time, the interest on a short-term loan arranged to purchase a new residence pending the sale of the former residence; and
- For a reasonable period of time while the former residence remains on the market, the cost of maintaining the vacated residence, minus any rent received.
Travel Allowance
Pursuant to the Judges Act, a travel allowance is payable to a judge who, because of his or her duties, is required to travel outside the immediate vicinity of the place where he or she is by law obliged to reside.
The travel allowance compensates for such costs as transportation, lodging, meals and other actual and reasonable expenses.
Incidental Expenses, Conference, Representational and Northern Allowances
Pursuant to the Judges Act, an allowance for incidental expenditures for each fiscal year is payable to a judge for reasonable incidental expenditures that the fit and proper execution of the office of judge may require.
Judges are reimbursed travelling, registration and other actual and reasonable expenses relating to their attendance at conferences, seminars and meetings with respect to the administration of justice. The attendance of a judge must be approved by his or her Chief Justice. In lieu of attending an approved conference, a judge is entitled to be reimbursed the cost of acquiring written or recorded materials distributed for the purposes of any such meeting, conference or seminar.
A representational allowance is payable to the Chief Justice, each puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Senior Judge of the Supreme Court of Yukon, the Senior Judge of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, the Senior Judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice, each regional senior judge of the Superior Court of Justice in and for the Province of Ontario or a judge acting in the place of one of the foregoing, who incurs expenses to meet extra-judicial obligations and responsibilities that devolve on a judge who occupies such a position. This allowance compensates for the expenses actually incurred by the judge or by the judge’s spouse for travelling and other reasonable expenses.
A yearly allowance is payable to each judge of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador resident in Labrador and each judge of the Supreme Court of Yukon, the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories and the Nunavut Court of Justice as compensation for the higher cost of living.
Benefits
Annuities
Judges contribute a percentage of their salary towards their pensions. By virtue of the Judges Act, a judge may retire with a pension equivalent to two thirds of the salary annexed to his or her office
- Upon completion of at least 10 years in office and attainment of the age for retirement (75);
- Upon completion of at least 15 years in office and a combined age and number of years in office not less than 80;
- Upon resignation on grounds of ill health;
- Upon completion of at least 15 years in office and where resignation is in the national interest or for the better administration of justice;
- Upon completion of 10 years in office in the Supreme Court of Canada.
A pro-rated annuity is payable to a judge who ceases to hold office by reason of having attained the age of retirement (75), but who has held judicial office for less than ten years. An immediate or deferred pro rated annuity is also payable to a judge who has attained the age of 55 years, has continued in judicial office for at least 10 years, and who elects early retirement.
These annuities are indexed.
Upon certain conditions, judges may also apply and receive the Canada Pension Plan retirement pension.
Survivor's Benefits
Gratuity
When a judge dies while in office, a lump sum gratuity equal to one-sixth of the judge’s annual salary is payable immediately to his or her survivor (spouse or common law partner) or estate.
Annuities
Pursuant to the Judges Act, an annuity equal to one-third of the judge's salary, or one-half of the annuity granted to the judge under the Judges Act, is paid to his or her survivor. In the latter case, the judge may elect to have this annuity increased from one-half to 60% or 75%, through an offsetting reduction in the annuity granted to the judge. A survivor who married the judge or became a common-law partner after he or she ceased to hold office is not eligible for an annuity, unless the judge had previously elected for a reduced annuity as referred to above.
An annuity equal to one-fifth of the annuity granted to the survivor is granted to each natural, adopted or stepchild of a judge. If there is no survivor each child is granted two-fifths of the annuity that would have been granted to the survivor. To receive an annuity, a child must be less than 18 years of age, or between 18 and 25 years of age and a full-time student substantially without interruption since he or she reached 18 or the judge died, whichever occurred later.
These annuities are indexed.
Insurance
Disability Insurance
Disability insurance as such is not required, since the judge's income is protected against the risk of disability either by obtaining a leave of absence with full salary or by resigning on grounds of ill health with full pension.
Health Insurance
a) Provincial Health Insurance
Judges and their dependants are entitled to hospital accommodation, in-hospital and other services, depending on their province of residence.
b) Public Service Health Care Plan
This plan paid by the federal government covers a wide range of health costs not covered by provincial health plans for the benefit of judges and their dependants. Coverage is also available to retired judges on an optional basis.
c) Public Service Dental Care Plan
Judges and their dependants are covered by the government paid dental care plan. Coverage is also available to retired judges on an optional basis.
Basic and Supplementary Life Insurance - Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance - Dependants' Insurance - Post Retirement Life Insurance - Living Benefit
The following benefits under the Public Service Management Insurance Plan (Judges Plan) are available to judges appointed after 31 July 2001:
a) Basic Life Insurance
This is compulsory for judges appointed after 31 July 2001, and provides life insurance equal to twice the adjusted annual salary. Coverage is at the government's expense.
b) Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance (AD & D)
The principal sum of AD & D insurance is $250,000. A schedule sets out the benefits payable to the judge or beneficiary following a loss resulting from an accident and in addition to any life insurance payable. The premium is government paid for judges who opt for this coverage.
c) Dependants' Insurance
This consists of life insurance and AD & D insurance for the judge's dependants - spouse or common-law partner, and unmarried children over 14 days but not yet 21 years old (25 for full-time students) who are not employed on a full-time basis. The premium is also government paid for judges who opt for this coverage.
d) Supplementary Life Insurance
Judges can apply for supplementary life insurance equal to their adjusted salary, which brings the total amount of life insurance to three times adjusted salary while under the age of 66. The amount of supplementary life insurance decreases after age 65. Evidence of insurability satisfactory to the insurer is required for the additional insurance, and judges are responsible for the premiums.
e) Post Retirement Life Insurance
This is available to judges entitled to government-paid basic life insurance on their last day in office and who are entitled to receive an immediate continuing pension under the Judges Act. The insurance is equal to the adjusted final salary in the first year of retirement, decreasing to 25% of adjusted salary in the fourth year and thereafter. The government pays the premium for those entitled to this coverage.
f) Living Benefit
This provides the life insured who has a terminal condition with a portion of the life insurance benefit which would be payable to the beneficiary upon the insured's death. This portion of the life insurance benefit is deducted from the amount payable to the beneficiary.
As well, the benefits of the Government Employees Compensation Act apply to a judge who is caused personal injury by an accident arising out of and in the course of his or her judicial duties.
Compensation, within the meaning of the same Act, is payable to the dependants of a judge whose death results from an accident arising out of or in the performance of judicial duties; this benefit is equivalent to the level of benefit available to the dependants of the most senior category of public servants. Compensation at this same level is also payable to the survivors of a judge whose death results from an act of violence unlawfully committed by another person while the judge is performing judicial duties.
4. Professional Development
Judges are encouraged to take advantage of the many continuing legal education programs which are available. In addition to conferences, seminars and meetings of general benefit to the judiciary, a number of specialized programs have been developed specifically for judges, including seminars for newly-appointed judges, and seminars on judgment writing, sentencing and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The responsibility to further their education rests with individual judges who are encouraged to spend up to 10 sitting days a year on their continuing education.
Major legal education programs and avenues include the following.
Canadian Judicial Council
The Council was established under the Judges Act to “promote efficiency and uniformity, and to improve the quality of judicial service in superior courts” in Canada. It consists of the Chief Justices and Associate Chief Justices of all federally appointed courts in Canada, and includes the senior judges of the three territories. The Council is chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Amongst the Council's functions are the continuing education of judges, the development of consensus among council members on issues involving the administration of justice and the handling of complaints against federally appointed judges.
The Council, through its Judicial Education Committee, recommends conferences and seminars for judges which qualify for re-imbursement of expenses. The Council's Study Leave Committee also reviews applications and recommends judges for the Study Leave Program at Canadian Universities; this allows for a leave of absence to reflect, research, or teach at a Canadian University.
National Judicial Institute
Created in 1988, the National Judicial Institute (NJI) is a federally and provincially funded non-profit organization committed to continuing legal education. The NJI designs and presents courses for judges which focus on the three major components of judicial education: substantive law, skills training and social context issues. The Canadian Judicial Council authorizes various seminars provided by the NJI in this respect.
Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs
The Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs (FJA) has developed and supports a private computer network for the sole and confidential use of federally appointed judges through its Judicom Program. Training sessions are held with judges throughout Canada for this purpose. In coordination with the NJI, FJA also provides individual courts with computer training.
The FJA also offers English and French language training programs to both federally and provincially appointed judges designed to improve proficiency in their second official language in the judicial and legal context. These courses are available to both anglophone and francophone judges and at several levels of proficiency. They are provided through group sessions in various parts of Canada, and reinforced with private courses.
The FJA also administers, on behalf of the Government, the federal judicial appointments process of interest to all those who seek an appointment to the Bench. This is effected through the operation of the Judicial Appointments Secretariat which ensures that all applicants are aware of the criteria and other considerations which apply when seeking a position on the Bench.
Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice
The Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice (CIAJ) organizes a wide range of conferences and workshops, at which federally appointed judges are authorized to participate.
5. Ethical, Change of Lifestyle and Other Considerations
Anyone considering a judicial appointment should have as much information as possible on what becoming a judge entails, and should enter upon the responsibilities of judicial office only if he or she is fully prepared to accept the substantial changes which it will bring, not just to the judge's own life, but to the lives of the members of his or her family. Among the factors to consider are moving from one city to another, buying and selling a house, career disruption of a spouse, children changing schools, and other inconveniences. The decision to seek and to accept a judicial appointment should be taken only after full consultation with all those who will be intimately affected by the changes it will bring. As well, while training programs are provided to new judges, and continuing education is available, judges are by and large on their own.
A reasonably long-term commitment is also required from each judge: generally, judges cannot retire with a full pension, except on medical grounds, until they have served 15 years in office and the total of their age and years in office equals at least 80, or have completed at least 10 years in office and reached the age of retirement (75). Judges must remain on the Bench until the statutory requirements for retirement with a full pension are met, or leave with only a pro-rated pension or a return of contributions.
Anyone considering a judicial appointment should review the Assessment Criteria for candidates for federal judicial appointment, with particular attention to those topics listed under “Personal Characteristics” and “Potential Impediments to Appointment”.
In addition to these considerations, there are others.
The independence of the judiciary both isolates the individual judge from former associations to avoid the possibility of conflict of interests, and imposes upon a judge the highest standards in performing the duties and responsibilities of judicial office. It requires that each judge devote himself or herself exclusively to the duties of the judicial office, and not engage in any outside business. The range of activities that are available to a practicing lawyer is therefore severely curtailed upon appointment to the bench.
Once appointed, judges are expected to comport themselves so that no criticism attaches to their office. The judge is not permitted to engage in public debate on any of his or her decisions, and should avoid expressing personal opinions on major social issues which might lead to an apprehension of bias when such issues come to be adjudicated by the courts. When a judge performs his or her duties in a way that falls short of the standards expected of the Bench, or where the personal life of the judge intrudes upon his or her judicial duties, a complaint may be made to the Canadian Judicial Council. The Council has a statutory mandate to investigate all complaints and allegations of misconduct on the part of federally appointed judges and to recommend to the Minister of Justice whether there are grounds for removing a judge from office.
All who aspire to judicial office should be aware that their responsibilities will include not only the fair and just application of the law but the maintenance of the high reputation of the judiciary itself. Candidates should therefore be prepared to make full disclosure of any matter that would reflect upon their ability to perform the functions of judicial office, or upon the credibility and repute of the judiciary as a whole.
The Canadian Judicial Council 2021 publication Ethical Principles for Judges provides additional ethical guidance for federally appointed judges and associate judges. Persons considering a judicial appointment are encouraged to refer to this publication as well; it is available on the website of the Canadian Judicial Council under the link "Publications".
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